Structural analysis is the branch of mechanical engineering (and also
civil engineering) devoted to examining why and how objects fail and to
fix the objects and their performance. Structural failures occur in two
general modes: static failure, and fatigue failure. Static structural failure occurs when, upon being loaded (having a force applied) the object being analyzed either breaks or is deformed plastically, depending on the criterion for failure. Fatigue failure
occurs when an object fails after a number of repeated loading and
unloading cycles. Fatigue failure occurs because of imperfections in the
object: a microscopic crack on the surface of the object, for instance,
will grow slightly with each cycle (propagation) until the crack is
large enough to cause ultimate failure.
Failure is not simply defined as when a part breaks, however; it is
defined as when a part does not operate as intended. Some systems, such
as the perforated top sections of some plastic bags, are designed to
break. If these systems do not break, failure analysis might be employed
to determine the cause.
Structural analysis is often used by mechanical engineers after a
failure has occurred, or when designing to prevent failure. Engineers
often use online documents and books such as those published by ASM[24] to aid them in determining the type of failure and possible causes.
Structural analysis may be used in the office when designing parts,
in the field to analyze failed parts, or in laboratories where parts
might undergo controlled failure tests.
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